Raymond Carver free essay sample

Like with many other things in life, if you take the time and learn a little about the history of the person behind the creation, the nuances will begin to define themselves. The similarities between Raymond Carver’s parents’ relationship and the relationship between him and his first wife are very interesting. Carver and his father both worked as sawmill workers and his mother and his wife both worked as waitresses and sales clerks. That is just the beginning of the similarities. Carver and his father both suffered from alcohol addiction. It is during one of those drunken times that one wonders if the scene written about took place. It is easy to question is this a work of fiction or was it an actual moment from Carver’s own life. Was he a small boy whose parents were arguing so heatedly? Or was it he himself and his wife? Or is this even a scene that has been played out many times in his life by his parents as a child and then between he and his wife as an adult. We will write a custom essay sample on Raymond Carver or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Williams 2 In â€Å"Mine† the language is more descriptive and the intensity of the emotions that are being expressed can be felt more clearly. And because the wording is more vivid in this version, I believe that the short story was based on a memory from Carver’s own childhood. The first edition, I believe allows greater insight into the pain of the mother and the determination to keep the child. The father’s emotions are slightly more veiled and not as direct. Because mothers are the primary care takers of the children, I think what we are reading about is at minimum a feeling expressed into words of Carver’s feelings about his parents. We feel the pain of the mother and know the anguish that must be in her heart as her baby is being ripped from her arms. In â€Å"Little Things† the language is more garbled and the feelings are not as apparent. Words that provide emphasis are omitted and the tone is more that of despair. The parents almost appear as empty and going through motions and not actively in the moment. I have no doubt after reading this version that the parents cared more for themselves than the child itself. I was left with the feeling that the outcome was known before the first sentence was complete. It was easy to once again wonder if this was a moment in the author’s own life. With this edition of the story, had the intensity of the memory been lulled with the first publication? Because with the feeling removed, the story does not have the same effect that it did in the previous publication. The third edition had no changes except to the title, so it could even be possible that the final edition â€Å"Popular Mechanics,† was solely to say fare well to the memory all together. Raymond Carver was a writer who lived the life one often thinks that a writer would live. Failed relationships, issues with alcoholism, and a general feeling of not being understood were all things that Carver battled for a good part of his adult life. The first publication â€Å"Mine† shows so much emotion and clarity you never doubt the thoughts or the actions of the characters. The Williams 3 actual origin or muse for the story will never be known. We will forever speculate on whether the story is a moment from his childhood or if this is a scene played out in his adult life. We do know however that the first title â€Å"Mine† is the title that most accurately describes the conflict within the story and the lives of its characters.

Man and Aviation essays

Man and Aviation essays Mans dream of flying has been apparent almost as long as mankind himself. However, the concept of an aircraft has only been around for approximately two hundred years. Before this time, man tried to fulfill this dream by mimicking the birds. They first built machines called ornithopters to utilize mans own power to propel himself through the air. It did not take long for the inventors to realize that this concept was not practical for human flight. It took about twenty more years for technology to catch up. Beginning around 1783, a few aeronauts, as they were known, made daring uncontrolled flights in lighter-than-air balloons, but it was soon realized that this was not a practical way to fly either. It wasnt until the early nineteenth century that Sir George Cayley designed the first true fixed wing flying machine. His design used a kite mounted to a stick with a moveable tail and rows of flappers under the wings for thrust. Cayleys craft however, still did not utilize the principle of engine propulsion. In 1900, a man named of Gustave Whitehead had been building and flying gliders for the Boston Aeronautical Society when he decided to start experimenting with a flying machine of his own. His design, which had foldable wings and a motor, took roughly a year and a half to construct. Although highly controversial, Whitehead claimed that on August 14, 1901 he piloted the worlds first motorized flight, which was approximately two years before the Wright Brothers infamous flight in Kitty Hawk. On this day, Whitehead had a series of four flights the longest was said to cover one and a half miles at an altitude of two hundred feet. These notable claims remain in question to this day due to fact that Whitehead failed to record flight attempts and successes throughout his experiments. The only data for any of his experiments are estimates of witnesses who were present at the flights. (Gustave White...

Is Intelligent design a scientific theory Essay

Is Intelligent design a scientific theory - Essay Example However, some individuals say that intelligence action is related with the origin of different characteristics of biological life. It is evident that intelligent design begins with forms of information, which are commonly observed to produce agents of intelligence in the real world. Atheist such as zoologist Dawkins argues that if biology is a study of complicated things, then the complications are as a result of appearance and purpose. Dawkins also argues that natural selection is what led to the intelligent design; this is as a result of the challenges met in meeting the demands in the environment. To add on this, theorists such as Stephen Meyer notes that intelligent design plays a substantial role in casual activities. From theories of the above philosophers, we can conclude that intelligent design is a scientific theory, which has a basis on empirical studies on the natural environment. Structures created through the promulgation of a Discovery Institute are intelligent designs products. The institute explains that structures occur from human intelligence and not natural processes. An ideal example is the existence of God, which is a teleological argument from the traditional contemporary adaptation. It defines the origin of life as a scientific theory other than an idea based on religion. Most arguments relate to the intelligent design which refers to God as the designer. The Discovery Institute is conservatively a political institution. The intelligent design uses the view point of theistic science, whose objective is to explain science e in a different way invoking supernatural structures. In supporting its belief, ID has put forward two arguments: the specified and the irreducible complexity. Scientific community prefers the methodological naturalism to the scientific extension in explaining the supernatural structures. The scientific community has further opposed the specified and the

Health Education Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Education Plan - Research Paper Example This will include measures to be taken to ensure that the education plan works efficiently. Background to the Hispanic Population in Philadelphia According to 2010 Census bureau, Philadelphia has a population of 1,526,006 consisting of Whites: 626,221; Blacks: 661,839; American Indian and Alaska Native: 6,0996; Asian: 96,405; Hispanic: 187,6111. Philadelphia can be regarded as of Delaware Valley’s economic and cultural center, home to over 6 million people and the country’s largest metropolitan area. According to the American Community Survey, the median income amounted to $36,669 and the median income for a family was $45,842. Philadelphia’s economic sectors include manufacturing, IT, food processing, oil refining, biotechnology, tourism and health care. The primary language spoken in Philadelphia is English with the second language most used at home being Spanish. Over the past two decades, the number of non-Hispanics whites in the city fell by 31.9 percent (Pe rez & Luquis, 2008) while the Hispanic population has increased by leaps and bounds with the biggest concentration getting noted in the Juanita/Feltonville section of the city. Identification of a Health Promotion Need As earlier indicated, this paper will discuss hypertension as a health promotion need to the Hispanic population of Philadelphia. ... One way that can be used to address the issue is through carrying out a health education plan that will seek to promote health on the Hispanic people in regard to hypertension (Perez & Luquis, 2008). About 65% of the Hispanic people in Philadelphia aged 60 and above have hypertension. Hypertension can, therefore, be associated with advanced age. The lifestyle of individual contributes to the chances of such a person getting health problems relating to hypertension. There is a need to educate the Hispanic people in Philadelphia about the need to adopt various health measures that will seek to promote their health in relation to hypertension. The draw to the city for this population has been the promise of economic prosperity and new opportunities. A major challenge to the provision of this health education to the Hispanic population of Philadelphia would be the apparent negligence of people to appreciate and adopt healthcare measures. This can be drawn from the little population of th e people that have taken insurance policies. As such, providing health education to such a population may be challenging considering the probability that most of this population may not be willing to receive such education (Bartholomew, 2011) Health Education Outcomes When carrying out a health education plan on the Hispanic people in Philadelphia, there are several outcomes that can be expected from such a plan. These outcomes should be considered before the plan gets formulated so that the plan will focus on their achievement. One such an outcome is an increase in the knowledge of the health problem. The health problem in this case is hypertension. When the education plan gets executed, people should get to have more knowledge of this health

Three Art Styles - Dadaism, Surrealism and Impressionism Research Paper

Three Art Styles - Dadaism, Surrealism and Impressionism - Research Paper Example The essay "Three Art Styles - Dadaism, Surrealism and Impressionism" explores Dadaism, Surrealism and Impressionism, three styles of modern art. Dadaism has always been most visibly a frame of mind. This frame of mind began as a rebellion against WW1, the bourgeoisie, the social norms of the time, the abstract and impressionistic art of the time, and finally, by the 1920’s, it became a rebellion even against itself. It was extremely negative in its critique of everything, and also self-destructive. Dadaism began in 1915 and basically died in 1924, although there is a resurrection now in what is called Neo-Dadaism, so it might be argued that it’s not neo at all but is a continuation of sorts. Perhaps it is only the loudness of the anarchy, the violence of its performance, the wildness of its manifestos 1924. that has died, while the core beliefs still influence art today. Perhaps no one symbolizes the loud, outrageous and rebellious wildness of the original movement more than Baroness Else von Freytag-Loringhoven. She pushed her sexuality, fantastic costuming, immodest street roaming, and irrationality in everyone’s faces, living Dada and, in so doing, challenged the male sexual, cultural, intellectual and artistic insecurities of Dada artists Marchel DuChamp, Man Ray, Francis Picabia, and much of New York. Locher argues that we are not in a post-modern era at all, but in a continuation of Dada, in that we are still reacting to and rebelling against what has happened in the past half a century.

Recovery Room Discharge and Pain Relief

Recovery Room Discharge and Pain Relief Title: Select one aspect of care which you have undertaken in childrens nursing practice in relation to the discharge process and critically analyse and discuss the key components of that care in relation to your experience, discharge planning and the specific research/literature you have reviewed. Introduction The aspect of care to be discussed is pain management for a 4 year old boy after facial surgery, on a Nurse Controlled Analgesic morphine pump, being discharged from the recovery room to the ward The need for discharge planning in optimising patient care has been identified in many recent studies and papers (viz. Mills M M et al. 2006). The basic rationale in all arguments for discharge planning is so that mechanisms to facilitate discharge can be put in place both before interdepartmental discharges and transfers, as well as before the eventual discharge, throughout the period of hospitalisation, so that they do not overwhelm healthcare professionals, the patient or parents at the end of the stay in the facility, department or the hospital. A useful general tool for planning discharge is enunciated by Bruccoliere with identification of tasks and deadlines for transition tasks set shortly after admission and ideally incorporated into daily multidisciplinary ward rounds. This is specifically targeted at total hospital discharge, but has features aimed at departmental discharges or transfers. (Bruccoliere T 2000). This type of approach has been advocated by Halm who has expanded the tool to include a formal review by the responsible nurse (or team leader) for all paediatric patients whose discharge is anticipated within one week, to ensure that the discharge plan includes a projected day of discharge, a check on home equipment and medication, home health needs, home feeding plan, screening needs (e.g. car seat trial; hearing, developmental, or feeding assessment for the very young child), identification of a primary care doctor, and necessary follow-up plans in either primary care or the hospital outpatients. (Halm M A et al. 2003). Such measures may be appropriate for the patient in question at the end of their hospital stay. In this particular case however, one is considering a specific instance of interdepartmental transfer and the discharge planning mechanisms are therefore more specific. This particular examination of departmental discharge will be focussed primarily on pain relief. The key concepts of discharge planning where pain relief is a major feature (in specific consideration of these circumstances) are Assessment of pain Control of pain pharmacological and nonpharmacological Safe storage and use of opiates Individual pain control plans developed with the child and parent (longer term consideration) Appropriate hand over mechanisms for relevant healthcare professionals. (After Pagnamenta R et al. 2008) Outline of the child and family and context (include family involvement in preparation for discharge focusing on the particular aspect of nursing care (pain management). In line with elements of confidentiality outlined in NMC, this essay will refer to the patient concerned as Boy F. (NMC 2004) Boy F. had a delayed extensive facial reconstruction following facial trauma and had been in the recovery room for four hours while his blood pressure and other vital signs stabilised. Pain relief was identified as a major priority in his case. The family comprised of both parents and an older sister who had been present at the hospital throughout the operation and were known to be waiting on the ward for his return. It is known that the family are very questioning and highly involved with the patient’s care and that they would be full of questions relating to the morphine pump when Boy F returns to the ward. The policy of empowerment and education of the patient’s family has been fully embraced in this particular circumstance, (Howe J et al. 2003) and must therefore form a part of the overall discharge plan. Critical analysis of the evidence that supports this aspect of nursing care. Critically analyse and discuss the key components of the care provided in relation to your experience, the discharge process and the research literature reviewed. Break the discharge process into the 4 parts of the Nursing Process: assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation. Assessment (To include; Government recommendations on starting discharge planning on admission and having a discharge coordinator) There are two major elements to the assessment of this case. Planning and pain control. In terms of total hospital discharge, the Government has issued guidance in the form of â€Å"Discharge from hospital : pathway, process and practice (PPP 2003) which, although primarily aimed at hospital discharge, has sections of guidance on organisation of departmental discharges. This was formalised in the context of the NHS Plan (Department of Health 2000), which called for the establishment of a nominated discharge coordinator for each case. In any case of pain control, one of the most important elements of successful control is initial pain assessment. (Treadwell M J et al. 2002). This has the advantage of targeted and appropriate pain relief, but also allows for the retrospective assessment of pain levels to ensure that current dosage of medication is likely to be adequate. (Morton N J 2007) With problems inherent in effective communication with the younger child, a number of different rating scales have been developed and validated and these include the Postoperative pain score (PPS) for infants up to about 12 months, (Barrier G et al. 1999), the CHEOPS pain scale for children between 1 and 3 yrs old, (Taddio S E et al. 1994, the Faces scale for children back pain 3 and 6 yrs. (Champion G et al. 1998). Children older than this can often use a VAS (visual analogue scale) with reproducible accuracy. (Champion G et al. 1998). In the case of Boy F, the faces scale was used. The child is asked to indicate which, of a series of nine faces, best reflects the pain that they are feeling at the time. This tool is validated to produce a good repeatability and inter-rater compliance. This mechanism allowed for an assessment of the degree of pain perceived by the patient and appropriate adjustment of the Nurse Controlled morphine pump to minimise the pain experience for the patient. Planning (To include; justification of why planning is appropriate to discharge process with evidence) Post operative pain relief is likely to be a feature of Boy F’s case for at least the next few days. It is planned to keep the morphine pump in place for at least the next two days. It cannot be assumed that the nurse taking over the care will be completely familiar with the device, and therefore part of the planning process must be to make provision for the recovery room nurse to both demonstrate and satisfy herself that the receiving nurse fully understands the use of the device prior to the handover. (Yura H et al. 1998) Other aspects to be considered in the planning stage, are to ensure that the appropriate paper chain is competed relating to the controlled drugs. It is important also to establish that the receiving ward has the appropriate drugs (in the appropriate form) in stock and readily available after transfer. Other aspects of pain relief must be considered and would include the psychological aspects of pain relief. These are particularly important in the young child. (Suresh S et al. 2002). In the context of this particular situation one must consider empowerment and education of the patient even at this comparatively young age. To explain to Boy F what is happening, to give him the knowledge that he is surrounded by sympathetic people who will help him and to allow him to have confidence the he is surrounded by faces that he knows in otherwise strange and hostile situations, are all measures that will help to minimise the overall pain experience associated with the operation. (Carr A J et al. 2001). For this reason it would be helpful if the handover (discharge procedure) could be to a nurse from the ward who was already known to Boy F. if this was not possible, then the new nurse should allow sufficient time prior to handover to allow a period of familiarisation with Boy F. (Walker L S et al. 2002) Clearly there must be an element of planning to allow for this to happen. In the light of the potential of questioning by the family, appropriate measures should be anticipated, planned for and then instigated so that the ward nurse who effects the transfer would be fully aware of all aspects of the pain relief strategy. This would help to instil confidence into the family during an obviously stressful time. Implementing (what happened, how you implemented the chosen aspect of care e.g. notified the pain team back up with evidence) Implementation of the discharge plan was facilitated by requesting the receiving nurse to attend the recovery room allowing 30 mins. to be briefed on the use of the morphine pump. Prior to handover, the Faces (pain assessment tool) assessment was repeated to ensure that the patient was sufficiently comfortable. Written details of the analgesic regime were both explained and handed over prior to discharge. The Pain team in the hospital was notified of the discharge and requested to assess the patient on the ward. The receiving nurse was also able to utilise the time to allow Boy F to get to know and trust her. This proved to be particularly important later when the dressings had to be changed and Boy F was only happy if this nurse could do it for him. Evaluating (Reflective, evaluate the whole process, support with evidence) A reflective evaluation would suggest that this experience could be construed by taxonomies such as the experimental learning proposed by Steinaker and Bell, as providing a situation where a student could reflect and learn from considering not only the actual situation that arose, but also by investigating the background literature which forms the evidence base of the clinical situation. (Steinaker and Bell 1979). In essence, they suggested that an adult learns best by the provision of circumstances that are new experiences which could be evaluated and then used as a basis for further learning. I felt that this particular discharge form the recovery suite had been handled particularly well. Prior assessment and planning had allowed a smooth handover which proved to be beneficial for the patient as well as for the family, and was therefore professionally satisfying. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of key aspects of discharge process in relation to child, family and aspect of nursing care The anaesthetist had made a good decision to allow nurse controlled morphine pump. Other anaesthetists could have simply prescribed stat doses of analgesia which may not have controlled the overall pain experience for Boy F in a satisfactory fashion. It is clearly important to consider all aspects of the discharge in terms of one’s own responsibility to the patient, and to facilitate a smooth transfer of responsibility to another healthcare professional. The key aspects of the discharge process have been set out above, and include anticipation of potential problems, risk assessment of these problems, formulation of measures to combat potential problems and their successful implementation. (Fawcett J 2005) Evidence of integrated theory and practice The concept of the multidisciplinary treatment team is important in this type of situation. The receiving nurse should be regarded as the nominated member of the ward team who takes responsibility of transferring information from the recovery ward to the ward team. The presence of a pain management team must not be overlooked. Nursing theory is clearly an excellent basis for practice, but there is an element of professional and clinical knowledge that is required to translate that theory into practice. Areas such as the establishment of professional empathy between nurse and patient are theoretical concepts (Mason T et al. 2003) but it requires considerable time and effort to translate the theoretical concept into reality. This is particularly true when dealing with younger children. (Hogston, R et al. 2002) Identifies implications for clinical practice (reflect upon your findings and outline implications for future practice) The findings from the investigation for this essay revolve around the clear need for assessment and planning of any discharge, whether it is from a department (as in this case) or from the hospital at the end of a course of treatment. This essay has identified various areas such as the knowledge of the receiving nurse relating to a morphine pump and the need to build an empathetic environment for the child to minimise his total pain experience as being crucial elements in the discharge process as well as more formal needs such as the need to leave a clear paper trail for controlled medication. Conclusion Summary of essay no new points here. (provide clear and concise conclusion) This essay has considered the case of Boy F and his discharge from the recovery room. It has assessed his needs, considered his imminent discharge from the department, considered the potential problems that might be encountered, formulated a plan of action to address these problems and presented some of the evidence base behind the theoretical issues, References Barrier G Attia J, Mayer M N, Amiel-Tison C Shnider S M : (1999) Measurement of a post operative pain scale and narcotic administration in infants using a new clinical scoring system : Intensive Care Med. 1999; 15 : S 37 S 39 Bruccoliere T. (2000) How to make patient teaching stick. RN. 2000;63 : 34 – 38 Carr A J, Higginson I J. (2001) Are quality of life measures patient centred? BMJ Vol 18 Issue 42 2001 Champion G Goodenough B, von Bayer C, Thomas W : (1998) Measurement of pain by self report, in Finley G, McGrath P, (eds) Measurement of pain in infants and children. Seattle, WA IASP Press 1998; 123 160 Department of Health (2004). The NHS Plan. A plan for investment. A plan for reform. Cm 4818. HMSO : London 2004 Fawcett J (2005) Contemporary Nursing Knowledge: Analysis and Evaluation of Nursing Models and Theories, 2nd Edition. Boston: Davis Co 2005 ISBN : 0 8036 1194 3 Halm M A, Gagner S, Goering M, Sabo J, Smith M, Zaccagnini M : (2003) Interdisciplinary rounds. Clin Nurse Spec. 2003; 17 : 133 – 142 Hogston, R. Simpson, P. M. (2002) Foundations in nursing practice 2nd Edition, London: Palgrave Macmillian. 2002 Howe and Anderson (2003) Involving patients in medical education. BMJ, Aug 2003 ; 327 : 326 328. Mason T and Whitehead E (2003) Thinking Nursing. Open University. Maidenhead. 2003 Mills M M, Sims D C, Jacob J. (2006) Implementation and Case-Study Results of Potentially Better Practices to Improve the Discharge Process in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Paediatrics Vol. 118 Supplement November 2006, pp. S 124 S 133 Morton N J (2007) Management of postoperative pain in children : Archives of Disease in Childhood Education and Practice 2007 ; 92 : ep14 ep19; NMC (2004) Nurse Midwifery Council: Code of professional conduct: Standards for conduct, performance and Ethics (2004) London : Chatto Windus 2004 Pagnamenta R, Benger J R. (2008) Factors influencing parent satisfaction in a children’s emergency department: prospective questionnaire-based study. Emergency Medicine Journal 2008; 25 : 417 419 ; PPP (2003) Discharge from hospital: pathway, process and practice : HMSO : London 2003 Steinaker, N. and Bell, R. (1979) ‘The experiential taxonomy: a new approach to teaching and learning’, Academic Press: London. 1979 Suresh S, Barcelona S L, Young N M, Seligman I, Heffner C L, Cotà © C J (2002) Postoperative Pain Relief in Children Undergoing Tympanomastoid Surgery: Is a Regional Block Better than Opioids? Anesth Analg 2002; 94 : 859 862 Taddio S E, Nulman I, Goldbach M, Ipp M: (1994) Use of Lidocaine / Prilocaine cream for vaccination pain in infants : J Paediatr 1994; 124 : 273 280 Treadwell M J,. Frank L S, Vichinsky E. (2002) Using quality improvement strategies to enhance pediatric pain assessment. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 14 : 39 47 (2002) Walker L S, Lewis Claar R, Garber J (2002) Social Consequences of Childrens Pain: When Do They Encourage Symptom Maintenance? Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Vol. 27, No. 8, 2002, pp. 689 698 Yura H, Walsh M. (1998) The nursing process. Assessing, planning, implementing, evaluating. 5th edition. Norwalk, CT: Appleton Lange, 1998. ############################################################## 12.9.08 Word count 2,834 PDG

Mr Collins: Character Review :: Free Essay Writer

Mr Collins: Character Review We first hear of Mr Collins, one of Mr Bennet’s distant cousins, in a letter addressed to the family living in the house which after Mr Bennet’s death will become his own. In this letter he sounds very pompous, irrelevantly reiterating and repeating the name of his patron, Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Mr Collins is honest that he has an ulterior motive for wanting to stay at Longbourn: he wishes to take the hand of one of the Bennet sisters in a marriage which would ensure that at least one daughter of Mr Bennet would remain comfortable, living at Longbourn as ‘Mrs Collins’. He does not ask to stay at Longbourn, he expects his stay to be welcomed, and even desired, by the Bennet family. â€Å"I remain, dear sir, with respectful compliments to your lady and daughter†: this quote shows how ingratiating Mr Collins is: a side of his character which the reader sees more readily during the rest of the novel. Having previously thought Mr Collins was an â€Å"odious man†, Mrs Bennet is quick to change her mind after Mr Collins made compliments towards her daughter (and herself) in the letter. Upon arrival at Longbourn Mr Collins assures that â€Å"the young ladies I come prepared to admire†. The word ‘prepared’ in this quote gives the implication that Mr Collins does nothing in a rash manner and has everything planned in what appears to be quite a sly way. Once inside the house Mr Collins begins to commend each and every item of furniture within it. Mrs Bennet would on any other occasion have been delighted at this, but she knows that when Mr Collins entails the estate all that he admires will be his own. Mr Collins believes that by ingratiating Mrs Bennet about her house he will please her, but this begins to vex her a fair deal. â€Å"The girls were not the only objects of Mr Collins desire†, here we can see that Mr Collins views the girls as nothing more than materialistic, as objects. By the evening, Mr Collins is getting somewhat tiresome as he â€Å"eloquently praises† his patron, Lady Catherine de Bourgh, with great vivacity and unstoppable determination. â€Å"Lady Catherine was reckoned proud by many people†; Mr Collins cannot see that Lady Catherine is proud because he is proud himself and rates Lady Catherine very highly: perhaps high enough to warrant a little, or is Lady Catherine’s case a lot, of pride.

Content And Process Theories Of Motivation Essay

Motivation is a big influencer of productivity. Many supervisors know that what motivates employees to reach their peak performance is not easy. This is because employees respond in many ways to their jobs and their organization’s practices. Thus, a behavior that is motivated is one which is voluntarily chosen by each employee. The content approach to motivation is one that is of the assumption that individuals are motivated by the desire to fulfill inner needs. Content theories are something that is on the needs that motivate people. On the other hand, process approach to motivation is on how and why people choose particular behavior in order to meet their personal goals. Process theories are on the outside influences or behaviors that people choose to meet their needs. These external or outside influences are usually available to supervisors. An example of the content approach to motivation is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs which has five level of needs. People go up these levels as their needs are answered. As the lower needs are satisfied, then the higher needs are activated. The most powerful employee need is that one which has not be yet satisfied. Abraham Maslow presented his needs theory in 1942 and then was published in 1954 in Motivation and Personality. This can be advantageous because the employees’ needs are answered as the person is satisfied. But it has its weakness too because it is rigid and does not cover the other small details that need to be taken into consideration when discussing motivations of people. Another content need is the Alderfer’s ERG which identified three categories of needs and its advantage is that there is the addition of the frustration-regression hypothesis that when people are not able to meet their higher level of needs, then, the next lower level needs come out. Meanwhile, another one of the content theory is McClelland’s Learned Needs which divides motivation into the needs for power, affiliation and achievement. This is the theory that is more on people pursuing their goals. People like to control their situations so they take risks and get feedback on their progress. This is mainly what this content theory means. There is also the motivation for power and for affiliation all under McClelland’s Learned Needs. Content needs has advantages especially if the person is motivated internally. But if he is not motivated at all, then these content theories are of not much benefit. (McClelland). Examples of the process theory Vroom’s Expectancy Model which suggests that people must choose among the alternative behaviors because they will be expecting that these behaviors will also lead to one or more desired outcomes and that the other behaviors will also bring undesirable outcomes.   Expectancy states that effort will also lead to first-order outcomes. Equity is the thinking of fairness which is involved in rewards given. Another process theory is the Attention, Relevance, Confidence and Satisfaction (ARCS) Model of Motivational Design or Keller’s ARCS Model of Motivation was conceived in the early 1980s by John Keller. This was derived from his theory of motivation, performance and instructional influence developed in the late 1970s. This is a macro theory that explains a network of relationships of personal and environmental characteristics with focus on the effort, performance and consequences. This is where the idea of reinforcement comes in. It confirms or denies expectations. Several views suggest that internal motivational drives control the lives of peak performers. When one sees a change that lasts, one can be almost be certain that it took roots within the individuals it affects, at the level of their own talents and motives. (Keller). By contrast, many of the quick fixes treat motivation as if it were a fuel one injects into one’s system to make one run, and propose solutions that are external to the individual. Peak performers usually claim that external motivators produce the shortest-lived results. In effect, this theory is based upon the coordinated ideas of many researches that involve human motivation.   It will sustain learner’s motivation to learn. In short, this theory aims at identifying major categories of variables of individual behavior and of instructional design related to individual effort and performance (Wongwiwatthananukit, Supakit)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ARCS theory integrates several motivational concepts such as the expectancy-value theory, attribution theory, self-efficacy theory, social learning theory, and environmental theories. An effective way of getting attention, the first building block of the ARCS theory is through the collaborative projects and different methods of presentation. Relevance, the next building block of Keller’s model is achieved by letting students take ownership of the learning experience, making them have more responsibility and commitment to the learning experience. By allowing them to choose a relevant task, they are able to better match their motives and values (Fernandez, Jerry). The third building block is confidence and students’ learning is enhanced because of his achievements. Confidence is ego building and can thus enhance the way they perceive and learn things. The final building block is satisfaction and learners must have the possibilities to apply new skills (Driscoll, 1993, p. 318 as qtd in Fernandez). These process theories are useful because there are many environmental factors that can influence a person in many ways since they are coming from outside the person. The only problem with this is when the person does not give attention to his external environment or when the external circumstances are not good for the individuals concerned. Indeed, motivation is why individuals behave the way they do. Two important dimensions of the â€Å"whys† of behavior are activation and direction. First, when people are motivated, they do something. Their behavior is activated or energized. Second, when people are motivated, their behavior also is directed. Motivation focuses on how adolescents direct their behavior, or put another way, the specific behaviors adolescents select in certain situations but not others. Thus, this is what defines motivation—it is why individuals behave, think, and feel the way they do, with special consideration of the activation and direction of their behavior (McClelland, David). WORKS CITED Keller’s ARC’s Model of Motivation. Retrieved May 6, 2008 at: http://www.ittheory.com/keller1.htm Fernandez, J. Attribution Theory and Keller’s ARCS Model of Motivation. Accessed Retrieved May 6, 2008 at:http://chd.gmu.edu/immersion/knowledgebase/strategies/cognitivism/keller_ARCS.htm Pitt, Douglas C. Leadership and Motivation: The Effective Application of Expectancy Theory. Journal of Managerial Issues. Retrieved May 6, 2008 at: http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/employee-development-leadership/801576-1.html Wongwiwatthananukit, Supakit, Applying the ARCS model of motivational design to pharmaceutical education. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. Retrieved May 6, 2008 at: http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3833/is_200007/ai_n8910222/pg_8

Free Essays on The Struggle Of Two Women For Their Freedom

â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and â€Å"The Story of An Hour† by Kate Chopin presents two women, Louise and Charlotte, who tries to overcome their controlling husbands to achieve individual freedom. The stories were both feminist. Webster’s dictionary defines feminism as the belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men. In these two stories, the women fight for social equality with men as they struggle to have the freedom to do what they want. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the narrator suffers from a mental disorder, instead of helping her recover, he refuses to acknowledge her problem. â€Å"John is a physician, and perhaps- (I would not say it to a living soul, of course, but this is dead paper and a great relief to my mind) – perhaps that is one reason I do not get well faster. You see he does not believe I am sick! And what can one do? If a physician of high standing, and one’s own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depression – a slight hysterical tendency – what is one to do? My brother is also a physician, and also of high standing, and he says the same thing† (Gilman 431). It is frustrating to the narrator to have her husband and brother to dismiss her illness as a mere temporary condition. â€Å"It is a false and foolish fancy†(Gilman 437). He believes that putting her in confinement woul d cure her problem, but he does not even understand her illness. He is a physician, so he only understands physical illnesses. Yet he jumps to the conclusion that she has no sickness, and she has to accept it, because he is a man of high standing. This assumption does not help her sickness, in fact, Jane, the narrator believes that it’s the reason why she cannot get better. But it is pointless for her to argue, since her brother, also a physician of high standings affirms the diagnosis. She i... Free Essays on The Struggle Of Two Women For Their Freedom Free Essays on The Struggle Of Two Women For Their Freedom â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and â€Å"The Story of An Hour† by Kate Chopin presents two women, Louise and Charlotte, who tries to overcome their controlling husbands to achieve individual freedom. The stories were both feminist. Webster’s dictionary defines feminism as the belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men. In these two stories, the women fight for social equality with men as they struggle to have the freedom to do what they want. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the narrator suffers from a mental disorder, instead of helping her recover, he refuses to acknowledge her problem. â€Å"John is a physician, and perhaps- (I would not say it to a living soul, of course, but this is dead paper and a great relief to my mind) – perhaps that is one reason I do not get well faster. You see he does not believe I am sick! And what can one do? If a physician of high standing, and one’s own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depression – a slight hysterical tendency – what is one to do? My brother is also a physician, and also of high standing, and he says the same thing† (Gilman 431). It is frustrating to the narrator to have her husband and brother to dismiss her illness as a mere temporary condition. â€Å"It is a false and foolish fancy†(Gilman 437). He believes that putting her in confinement woul d cure her problem, but he does not even understand her illness. He is a physician, so he only understands physical illnesses. Yet he jumps to the conclusion that she has no sickness, and she has to accept it, because he is a man of high standing. This assumption does not help her sickness, in fact, Jane, the narrator believes that it’s the reason why she cannot get better. But it is pointless for her to argue, since her brother, also a physician of high standings affirms the diagnosis. She i...

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buy custom Grades and Academic Achievement essay Student grades and academic achievement go hand in hand in many ways. Grades are as an evaluation tool to gage students comprehension of the subject matter, to assess their reading and writing skill and to determine their overall intelligence or ability level. Grades can also be used to determine other things about students. If a consistent A student starts failing tests or assignments, that may be an indication to teachers that the student may be experiencing a personal issue, such as trouble at home, drug use or health concern. In these ways, grades help teachers to establish and track students learning progress, intellectual growth and general well-being, which in turn enables teachers to provide appropriate opportunities for learning to foster academic achievement among students. By establishing a students grade point average, a teacher can learn how to fine tune instruction on both an individual and whole-group level. If a teacher sees, for example, that a student with a good or average grade point average starts receiving less-than-average grades, the teacher will be able to infer the students difficulty with that particular topic, chapter or concept and can provide extra help to improve student achievement. Or if a teacher gives a test and the entire class scores 20 percent lower than normal, the grades will indicate to the teacher that perhaps her instructional approach was ineffective and she will know to revise the lesson in order to reach students and foster achievement. Grade patterns can alo help teachers recognize and provide opportunities for bright students who arent being challenged or identify and differentiate instruction visual, auditory and kinesthetic learners. If, for example, a student consistently scores low on oral tests, the grades might indicate that the student is a visual or kinesthetic learner and the teacher can then provide suitable assignments to those learning styles, such as written exams or hands-on art projects. In these ways, grades are essential to academic achievement in that they can illuminate students learning needs, point toward ineffective instruction and help the teacher establish her students individual learning styles. Grades can also influence students academic achievement and performance on future assignments, tests and projects. Since grading consists of a scaled, weighted ranking system that ultimately determines a students ability to move forward or repeat a grade, grades can be used as a motivating factor both in and out of the classroom. A student with consistently average or even poor grades can be motivated to improve their scores when a teacher assigns special rewards to high marks. A student, for example, may be encouraged to put additional effort into his work if he knows that all students who receive a grade of A will be given a homework pass to use on the day of their choosing. On the other hand, students may study more vigorously for a test if they know that anyone who receives a D grade or lower will be required to participate in a one-week extra-help workshop during free period. Attaching lower-stakes, but releevant, consequences such as these to students grades can improve academi c achievement over time, especially among disinterested students who are particularly difficult to engage or motivate in the classroom. Important to note are the few negative or detrimental ways in which grades can impact academic achievement among students. If a grading system is not used properly, it can be ineffective or even harmful to students academic progress. To begin with, if a teacher does not chart the grades or is unable to establish and recognize the grade patterns of her students, the grades will not be effective in alerting the teacher of her students needs, as previously discussed. The grades alone are not enough to improve student achievement rather, their successful interpretation by an educational professional is essential to their use as a method to improve student achievement. In addition, graded assignments must be diverse in order to give all learners the opportunity for achievement. If students are only graded in one way, this can limit, hinder or even skew students performance results. If students are only graded on tests and quizzes, for example, students who are hands-on, discovery learner s will not have the opportunity to achieve because they are not being given an opportunity to demonstrate learning in a way that is suitable to their learning style or needs. By basing grades on a variety of assignments that include group work, presentations, written work and creative projects, the teacher will be able to provide all students with opportunities for academic achievement. Buy custom Grades and Academic Achievement essay

Wal-Mart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Wal-Mart - Essay Example Wal-Mart has experienced heavy criticism at the hands of several groups and individuals, which include labor unions, workers, and organizations that are smaller in size, environmentalist and organizations. During the period of 2006, Wal-Mart was criticized by the Los Angeles Alliance for a New Economy as they believed that the company was paying 20% less to their employees as compared to the salaries paid by employers of other retail outlets (F. Cascio 1). During the period of 2001, the organization was criticized for paying $800/year less than the poverty line set at $14,630 by the federal government (Hansen 1). Before the death of Sam Walton, the company was operating a total of 1,714 and supercenters and Sam Clubs and the organization has employed 371,000 individuals and was earning a profit of 1.6 billion (Friedman 1). After his demise, the number of stores decreased to 1,647 stores and 1,066 Supercenters, an additional 500 Sam Clubs, and the organization experienced a total profit of $6.6 billion with an increase in number of employees to 1.3 million (Friedman 1). On the surface it seems that the company is performing quite well, but with the death of Walton came in issues regarding unfair labor practices and labor unions forming to clash against Wal-Mart. One of the issues experienced by Wal-Mart is in the area of labor relations. Employees claim that they are paid less than the amount of contribution they make to make the business successful. Wal-Mart itself agrees that its wages are quite competitive and it is one way through which it is saving its cost. As a CEO of Wal-Mart, I would have made changes in this corner. Several changes such as better feedback to employees and fringe benefits can be forwarded to employees to replace the issue of decreased hourly wages. In the field of public relations, the organization needs to ensure that a positive image is created regarding the company. The

Home and work place safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Home and work place safety - Essay Example As a point of departure, the essence of any safety practice is to curb a particular menace in a place. In line with the safety measures at work, the introduction of free and accessible database for the employees to access information is one of the foremost step in curbing menace such as indoor tanning, ensuring food safety at home and prevention of injury in either at work place or at home (Jeremy, 34). This study considers the indoor tanning as one of the primary safety exposures in both at home and at work place. Tanning refers to the outcome of a skin injury and damage. In other words tanning is the reaction of the skin upon exposure to the ultraviolet radiation. The radiation exposure facilitates the production of the extra pigment by the skin for protection against the UV radiation. This pigment makes the skin appear darker. It is imperative to note that exposure to the UV radiation increases the health risks of an individual (Heckman et al, 36). This is a health risk that can h appen either in work place or at homes where the tanning facilities are installed. The problem to be solved in this case involves minimization of the user injuries and reduces tanning access, particularly by minors whose skin is soft. This problem can be approached through various ways, however, the most effective one is to offer preventive information to the users and those who intended to use. In essence, information is of vital benefit in this case and it will go a long way to save the lives of many. Consider the following cases of remedies to this problem The state agencies should be contacted for permits issuance in the case of those who want to have the facilities at their premises be either for commercial or personal use. The essence of the permit is to ensure that all the requirements are meant, particularly the set up of the room. This will ensure that information is relayed on the required procedures and instruments before installation. All these